Emergency Management Amendment (Critical Infrastructure Resilience) Act 2014
Authorised by the Chief Parliamentary Counsel
Authorised Version
i
Emergency Management Amendment (Critical
Infrastructure Resilience) Act 2014
No. 76 of 2014
TABLE OF PROVISIONS
Section Page
1 Purpose 1
2 Commencement 2
3 New Part 7A inserted 2
PART 7A—CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
RESILIENCE 2
Division 1—Preliminary 2
74A Object of this Part 2
74B Definitions 2
74C What is an essential service? 5
Division 2—Assessment of infrastructure 6
74D Assessment of infrastructure 6
74E Designation of vital critical infrastructure 6
Division 3—Responsibilities in relation to critical
infrastructure 7
74F Who is the relevant Minister? 7
74G Delegation by relevant Minister 8
74H Who is the responsible entity? 8
74I Nomination of Industry Accountable Officer 9
Division 4—Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register 9
74J Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register 9
74K Access to the Victorian Critical Infrastructure
Register 11
74L Review of Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register 12
Division 5—Resilience improvement cycle 12
74M Resilience improvement cycle 12
74N Statement of assurance 12
74O Powers of relevant Minister 14
74P Emergency risk management plan and documentation 15
74Q Exercise by responsible entity 16
74R Relevant Minister to review exercise 17
74S Responsible entity to conduct audit 18
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74T Audit certificate and findings 18
74U Relevant Minister may request second audit 19
Division 6—General 19
74V Offences 19
74W Guidelines 21
74X Savings and transitional 21
4 Amendment of section 64—Functions of the Inspector-
General for Emergency Management 22
5 Amendment of section 76—Regulations 22
6 Amendment of section 29A of the Freedom of Information
Act 1982 23
7 Amendment of section 31(3) of the Freedom of Information
Act 1982 24
8 Consequential amendments to the Terrorism (Community
Protection) Act 2003 24
9 Repeal of amending Act 25
═══════════════
ENDNOTES 26
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Authorised by the Chief Parliamentary Counsel
Authorised Version
1
Emergency Management Amendment
(Critical Infrastructure Resilience) Act
2014 †
No. 76 of 2014
[Assented to 21 October 2014]
The Parliament of Victoria enacts:
1 Purpose
The purpose of this Act is to—
(a) amend the Emergency Management Act
2013 to provide for emergency risk
management arrangements for critical
infrastructure resilience; and
Victoria
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(b) consequentially amend the Freedom of
Information Act 1982 and the Terrorism
(Community Protection) Act 2003.
2 Commencement
(1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act comes into
operation on a day to be proclaimed.
(2) If this Act does not come into operation before
1 July 2015, it comes into operation on that day.
3 New Part 7A inserted
After Part 7 of the Emergency Management Act
2013 insert—
"PART 7A—CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
RESILIENCE
Division 1—Preliminary
74A Object of this Part
The object of this Part is to provide for
emergency risk management arrangements
for critical infrastructure resilience.
74B Definitions
In this Part—
critical infrastructure means any
infrastructure which is—
(a) assessed by the relevant Minister
to be significant critical
infrastructure or major critical
infrastructure; or
(b) designated by the Governor in
Council to be vital critical
infrastructure;
s. 2
See:
Act No.
73/2013
and
amending
Act Nos
37/2014 and
41/2014.
LawToday:
www.
legislation.
vic.gov.au
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criticality assessment methodology means
the methodology prescribed in any
regulations or specified in any
guidelines;
essential service has the meaning given by
section 74C;
exercise means an exercise required by
section 74Q;
guidelines means guidelines issued under
section 74W;
Industry Accountable Officer means a
person nominated under section 74I;
infrastructure means—
(a) any premises, asset, good or
system used for the purpose of the
generation, production, extraction,
storage, transmission, distribution
or operation of an essential
service; and
(b) any communication system used
for the delivery of an essential
service, including any system used
to generate, send, receive, store or
otherwise process any electronic
communication for the purpose of
an essential service;
major critical infrastructure means any
infrastructure assessed by the relevant
Minister to be infrastructure the
disruption of which could adversely
impact—
(a) the continuity of the supply of an
essential service to more than one
region of Victoria; or
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(b) the economic or social well-being
of more than one region of
Victoria;
Order means an Order of the Governor in
Council;
premises includes—
(a) land; and
(b) a building or vehicle; and
(c) a part of a building or vehicle; and
(d) any place, whether built on or not;
region means an area of Victoria specified in
the guidelines;
relevant Department means the Department
responsible for providing support to the
relevant Minister in respect of the
relevant infrastructure;
relevant Minister means the Minister
designated as the relevant Minister
under section 74F;
resilience improvement cycle means the
period of 12 months commencing when
a statement of assurance is submitted to
the relevant Minister;
responsible entity means the person
designated as the responsible entity
under section 74H;
significant critical infrastructure means any
infrastructure assessed by the relevant
Minister to be infrastructure the
disruption of which could adversely
impact—
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(a) the continuity of the supply of an
essential service to one region of
Victoria; or
(b) the economic or social well-being
of one region of Victoria;
statement of assurance means a statement
submitted under section 74N;
Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register
means the register established and
maintained under section 74J;
vital critical infrastructure means any
infrastructure—
(a) assessed by the relevant Minister
to be infrastructure the disruption
of which could adversely
impact—
(i) the continuity of the supply
of an essential service to
Victoria; or
(ii) the economic or social well-
being of Victoria; and
(b) designated as vital critical
infrastructure under section 74E.
74C What is an essential service?
For the purposes of this Part, essential
service means any of the following
services—
(a) transport;
(b) fuel (including gas);
(c) light;
(d) power;
(e) water;
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(f) sewerage;
(g) a service specified to be an essential
service by the Governor in Council for
the purposes of paragraph (g) of the
definition of essential service within
the meaning of section 3 of the
Essential Services Act 1958.
Division 2—Assessment of infrastructure
74D Assessment of infrastructure
(1) The relevant Minister must—
(a) assess or reassess, having regard to the
criticality assessment methodology,
whether any infrastructure is or has
ceased to be—
(i) major critical infrastructure or
significant critical infrastructure;
or
(ii) vital critical infrastructure; and
(b) advise the Minister as to the outcome of
the assessment or reassessment.
(2) The Minister may request the relevant
Minister to assess or reassess any
infrastructure under this section.
74E Designation of vital critical infrastructure
(1) Subject to this section, the Governor in
Council on the recommendation of the
relevant Minister may by Order—
(a) designate infrastructure specified in the
Order to be vital critical infrastructure;
or
(b) revoke the designation of infrastructure
specified in the Order to be vital critical
infrastructure.
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(2) The relevant Minister may make a
recommendation under subsection (1) based
on the assessment or reassessment, having
regard to the criticality assessment
methodology, by the relevant Department of
any infrastructure as vital critical
infrastructure.
(3) The relevant Minister must provide a copy of
an Order made under subsection (1) to the
following—
(a) the responsible entity of the relevant
vital critical infrastructure;
(b) Emergency Management Victoria;
(c) the Chief Commissioner of Police;
(d) the Chief Executive Officer of any
municipal council in the municipal
district of which the relevant vital
critical infrastructure is wholly or partly
located.
(4) A failure to comply with subsection (3) in
relation to an Order does not affect the
validity, operation or effect of the Order.
(5) Despite subsection (4), the responsible entity
of the relevant vital critical infrastructure is
not required to comply with this Part until it
receives a copy of the Order under
subsection (3).
Division 3—Responsibilities in relation to
critical infrastructure
74F Who is the relevant Minister?
For the purposes of this Part, relevant
Minister means the Minister designated by
the Governor in Council by Order as the
relevant Minister in respect of—
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(a) infrastructure; or
(b) a class or type of infrastructure—
as specified in the Order.
74G Delegation by relevant Minister
(1) A relevant Minister, by instrument, may
delegate to a public sector employee within
the meaning of section 4(1) of the Public
Administration Act 2004 any function or
power of the relevant Minister under this
Part other than—
(a) this power of delegation; or
(b) a function or power conferred on the
relevant Minister under section 74E
or 74O(2).
(2) A relevant Minister must provide a copy of
any instrument making or revoking a
delegation under subsection (1) to the
Minister.
(3) Emergency Management Victoria must
maintain a record of delegations in force
under this section.
74H Who is the responsible entity?
(1) For the purposes of this Part, responsible
entity means the person designated by the
Governor in Council by Order as the
responsible entity in respect of vital critical
infrastructure specified in the Order.
(2) A responsible entity may apply to the
relevant Minister to have the designation
revoked on the grounds specified in the
application.
s. 3
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(3) After considering an application under
subsection (2), the relevant Minister may
recommend to the Governor in Council that
the Order designating the responsible entity
be revoked or amended.
74I Nomination of Industry Accountable
Officer
(1) A responsible entity must provide to the
relevant Minister the nomination of a natural
person as the Industry Accountable Officer
in respect of vital critical infrastructure of the
responsible entity.
(2) A natural person nominated under subsection
(1) must be—
(a) an officer within the meaning of
section 9 of the Corporations Act; or
(b) any other employee of the responsible
entity approved by the relevant
Minister.
(3) The relevant Minister must notify the
Minister as to the nomination of an Industry
Accountable Officer under subsection (1).
Division 4—Victorian Critical Infrastructure
Register
74J Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register
(1) Emergency Management Victoria must
establish and maintain a register called the
Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register.
(2) The Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register
must contain—
(a) all infrastructure—
(i) assessed to be major critical
infrastructure;
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(ii) assessed to be significant critical
infrastructure;
(iii) designated to be vital critical
infrastructure;
(b) in respect of each critical
infrastructure—
(i) the name and location;
(ii) the relevant Department;
(iii) the relevant Minister;
(c) in respect of each vital critical
infrastructure—
(i) the date of the declaration as vital
critical infrastructure;
(ii) the relevant responsible entity;
(iii) the relevant Industry Accountable
Officer.
(3) The relevant Minister must provide the
information required to be contained in the
Victorian Critical Infrastructure Register
under subsection (2) to the Minister.
(4) Emergency Management Victoria must
remove an entry on the Victorian Critical
Infrastructure Register relating to—
(a) major critical infrastructure or
significant critical infrastructure, if the
relevant Minister advises the Minister
that the relevant Minister considers that
the infrastructure is no longer major
critical infrastructure or significant
critical infrastructure;
(b) vital critical infrastructure, if the
relevant Minister provides the Minister
with a copy of the Order revoking the
s. 3
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designation of the infrastructure as vital
critical infrastructure.
74K Access to the Victorian Critical
Infrastructure Register
(1) Emergency Management Victoria must
ensure that information on the Victorian
Critical Infrastructure Register is only
accessed by—
(a) a person specified in subsection (2); or
(b) any other person that Emergency
Management Victoria considers
requires access in the performance of
their functions or exercise of their
powers in respect of critical
infrastructure, counterterrorism or
emergency management.
(2) If subsection (3) applies, the following may
access the Victorian Critical Infrastructure
Register after requesting Emergency
Management Victoria for access—
(a) the Minister;
(b) a relevant Minister;
(c) the Inspector-General for Emergency
Management;
(d) any person who is a delegate of the
relevant Minister under section 74G;
(e) Victoria Police.
(3) A person or body referred to in subsection
(2) can only make a request under subsection
(2) if access is required in the performance
of their functions or exercise of their powers
in respect of critical infrastructure,
counterterrorism or emergency management.
s. 3
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74L Review of Victorian Critical
Infrastructure Register
(1) Emergency Management Victoria must
conduct a review of the accuracy and
currency of the Victorian Critical
Infrastructure Register—
(a) at least once every 3 years; and
(b) on the request of the Minister.
(2) Emergency Management Victoria must
report to the Minister after conducting a
review.
(3) The Minister may after considering a report
under subsection (2) make a request to a
relevant Minister under section 74D(2).
Division 5—Resilience improvement cycle
74M Resilience improvement cycle
A responsible entity must before the end of
each resilience improvement cycle complete
the following in respect of each relevant vital
critical infrastructure—
(a) a statement of assurance;
(b) emergency risk management planning
and documentation;
(c) unless otherwise agreed by the relevant
Minister, an exercise;
(d) an audit.
74N Statement of assurance
(1) A responsible entity must submit a statement
of assurance to the relevant Minister—
(a) within the period of 6 months after
receiving a copy of an Order under
section 74E; and
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(b) at the end of each subsequent period of
12 months.
(2) A statement of assurance must—
(a) be prepared in accordance with the
regulations and the guidelines; and
(b) in accordance with the regulations and
the guidelines, identify the emergency
risks to relevant vital critical
infrastructure; and
(c) in accordance with the regulations and
the guidelines, specify the emergency
risk management actions or activities
that the responsible entity proposes to
take to address the identified
emergency risks; and
(d) contain an attestation signed by the
Industry Accountable Officer in
accordance with subsection (3).
(3) An attestation must state—
(a) that the responsible entity has complied
with this Part; and
(b) that the responsible entity will
undertake the emergency risk
management actions and activities
proposed in the statement of assurance
in the next resilience improvement
cycle; and
(c) any other requirement contained in the
regulations or guidelines.
(4) A statement of assurance required under
subsection (1)(b) must also state in the
attestation—
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(a) whether or not the emergency risk
management actions and activities
proposed in the previous statement of
assurance have been undertaken; and
(b) if any of the emergency risk
management actions and activities
proposed in the previous statement of
assurance have not been undertaken,
the reason why each of the emergency
risk management actions and activities
proposed in the previous statement of
assurance have not been undertaken;
and
(c) how any findings under section 74T
will be dealt with.
74O Powers of relevant Minister
(1) A relevant Minister may request a
responsible entity to revise a statement of
assurance submitted to the relevant Minister
by the responsible entity if the relevant
Minister is of the opinion that the statement
of assurance is not adequate having regard to
the requirements under section 74N.
(2) If a revised statement of assurance submitted
to the relevant Minister by the responsible
entity is in the opinion of the relevant
Minister not adequate having regard to the
requirements under section 74N, the relevant
Minister may direct the responsible entity to
submit a further statement of assurance
amended in accordance with the direction of
the relevant Minister within a time as
specified by the relevant Minister.
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(3) The relevant Minister may request a
responsible entity to provide to the relevant
Minister any information specified by the
Minister in the request which the relevant
Minister considers is necessary to establish
the accuracy of the statements made in the
statement of assurance.
(4) A responsible entity must comply with a
request under subsection (3) within the time
specified by the relevant Minister in the
request.
74P Emergency risk management plan and
documentation
(1) A responsible entity must prepare an
emergency risk management plan for vital
critical infrastructure to prepare for an
emergency.
(2) An emergency risk management plan must
be prepared in accordance with the
regulations and the guidelines.
(3) An emergency risk management plan
prepared by the responsible entity for vital
critical infrastructure may, with the
agreement of the relevant Minister, form part
of any other risk management plan or
activity for the vital critical infrastructure
undertaken to comply with requirements
imposed under any other Act or regulations.
(4) The relevant Minister may request a
responsible entity to provide to the relevant
Minister—
(a) a copy of an emergency risk
management plan or any other
documents relating to emergency risk
management as specified in the request;
or
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(b) any details relating to an emergency
risk management plan or any other
documents relating to emergency risk
management as specified in the request.
(5) A responsible entity must comply with a
request under subsection (4) within the time
specified by the relevant Minister in the
request.
74Q Exercise by responsible entity
(1) A responsible entity must develop, conduct
and evaluate an exercise to test their
planning, preparedness, prevention, response
or recovery capability in respect of an
emergency.
(2) An exercise must be developed in
consultation with—
(a) the relevant Minister; or
(b) all the relevant Ministers, in the case of
an exercise which is a joint exercise.
(3) Without limiting the generality of subsection
(2), consultation must include the details of
the proposed exercise including the nature of
the simulated emergency event and its timing
and location.
(4) An exercise must be developed, conducted
and evaluated in accordance with the
regulations and the guidelines.
(5) An exercise must be conducted under the
observation of the relevant Minister or
relevant Ministers.
(6) Unless subsection (7) applies, an exercise
must be conducted and evaluated in each
resilience improvement cycle.
s. 3
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(7) The relevant Minister may agree in writing
with the responsible entity that an exercise is
to be conducted at a frequency other than in
each resilience improvement cycle.
(8) The relevant Minister may agree in writing
with the responsible entity that the
responsible entity is not required to complete
an exercise in the current resilience
improvement cycle, if the relevant Minister
is satisfied that—
(a) the occurrence of an event, including an
exercise in compliance with any other
requirement, tested the responsible
entity's planning, preparedness,
prevention, response or recovery
capability in respect of an emergency;
and
(b) the occurrence of the event
demonstrated substantial compliance
with the requirements under this Part.
74R Relevant Minister to review exercise
The relevant Minister or relevant Ministers
who observed an exercise—
(a) must review the conduct of the exercise
in accordance with the regulations and
guidelines; and
(b) must provide comments in writing to
the responsible entity on the outcomes
of the exercise; and
(c) may, if the relevant Minister considers,
or the relevant Ministers consider, that
there are significant issues with the
exercise conduct or outcome, request in
writing either or both of the
following—
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(i) that specified improvement
actions be completed by the
responsible entity within the time
specified in the request;
(ii) that a second exercise be
conducted, including in the
request the nature of the exercise
and any specific capability to be
tested.
74S Responsible entity to conduct audit
(1) A responsible entity must conduct an audit of
their emergency risk management processes
after the completion of the exercise in
accordance with any requirements prescribed
by the regulations or the guidelines.
(2) The purpose of the audit is to evaluate the
efficiency, effectiveness and appropriateness
of the management by the responsible
authority of risks to its capability in relation
to planning, preparedness, prevention,
response and recovery.
(3) An audit must be undertaken by—
(a) unless paragraph (b) applies, a person
who was not involved in the emergency
risk management planning process or
the development and conduct of the
exercise; or
(b) if the relevant Minister requires that the
audit be undertaken by an independent
auditor, an independent auditor.
74T Audit certificate and findings
After a responsible entity completes an audit,
the relevant Industry Accountable Officer on
behalf of the responsible entity must submit
to the relevant Minister—
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(a) an audit certificate confirming that the
audit has been completed; and
(b) the audit findings, including the
following—
(i) the outcome of the audit;
(ii) whether any required actions have
been identified.
74U Relevant Minister may request second
audit
(1) If the relevant Minister is not satisfied as to
the conduct of an audit, the relevant Minister
may request that a responsible entity conduct
a second audit in accordance with the request
within the time specified in the request.
(2) The relevant Minister may specify in the
request that the second audit be conducted by
an independent auditor.
Division 6—General
74V Offences
A responsible entity must not—
(a) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
provide a statement of assurance to the
relevant Minister in accordance with
section 74N; or
(b) provide a false or misleading statement
of assurance to the relevant Minister in
accordance with section 74N; or
(c) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
revise a statement of assurance when
requested to do so by the relevant
Minister in accordance with
section 74O(1); or
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(d) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
submit a further statement of assurance
within the specified time when directed
to do so by the relevant Minister in
accordance with section 74O(2); or
(e) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
provide further information within the
specified time when requested to do so
by the relevant Minister in accordance
with section 74O(3); or
(f) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
provide details of an emergency risk
management plan within the specified
time when requested to do so by the
relevant Minister in accordance with
section 74P; or
(g) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
conduct an exercise in accordance with
section 74Q; or
(h) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
undertake specified improvement
actions within the specified time when
required to do so by the relevant
Minister in accordance with
section 74R; or
(i) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
conduct an audit with an independent
auditor when requested to do so by the
relevant Minister in accordance with
section 74S(3); or
(j) fail, without reasonable excuse, to
submit an audit certificate to the
relevant Minister in accordance with
section 74T; or
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(k) submit a false or misleading audit
certificate to the relevant Minister in
accordance with section 74T.
Penalty: In the case of a natural person,
600 penalty units;
In the case of a body corporate,
3000 penalty units.
74W Guidelines
(1) The Minister may issue guidelines for the
purposes of this Part.
(2) Without limiting the generality of subsection
(1), guidelines may be made for or with
respect to the following—
(a) criticality assessment methodology;
(b) emergency risk management planning
processes;
(c) the conduct of exercises;
(d) audit processes.
(3) Guidelines issued under this section must not
be inconsistent with any regulations made
under this Act.
74X Savings and transitional
Despite the repeal of Part 6 of the Terrorism
(Community Protection) Act 2003, a risk
management plan prepared by a declared
essential service under that Act continues in
force until the declared essential service is
designated to be a responsible entity under
this Part and the relevant Industry
Accountable Officer has attested the first
statement of assurance.
__________________".
s. 3
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4 Amendment of section 64—Functions of the
Inspector-General for Emergency Management
After section 64(1)(g) of the Emergency
Management Act 2013 insert—
"(ga) monitor, review and assess critical
infrastructure resilience at a system level;
and".
5 Amendment of section 76—Regulations
At the end of section 76 of the Emergency
Management Act 2013 insert—
"(2) Without limiting the generality of subsection
(1), for the purposes of Part 7A, regulations
may make provision for or with respect to
the following—
(a) criticality assessment methodology;
(b) the contents of a statement of
assurance;
(c) requirements and standards for the
conduct and evaluation of exercises;
(d) standards to be met in emergency risk
management planning, exercises and
audits.".
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6 Amendment of section 29A of the Freedom of
Information Act 1982
For section 29A(1A) and (1B) of the Freedom of
Information Act 1982 substitute—
"(1A) Without limiting subsection (1), a document
is an exempt document if it is a document
held or created by Victoria Police for the
purpose of—
(a) counterterrorism or a purpose relating
to counterterrorism; or
(b) the protection of critical infrastructure
within the meaning of section 74B of
the Emergency Management Act
2013 on—
(i) the Victorian Critical
Infrastructure Register under
section 74J of the Emergency
Management Act 2013; or
(ii) any corresponding register kept by
an agency of the Commonwealth.
(1B) Without limiting subsection (1), a document
is an exempt document if it is a document—
(a) created for or with respect to
emergency risk management
arrangements for critical infrastructure
resilience under Part 7A of the
Emergency Management Act 2013
for the purposes of administering,
complying with, or enforcing that Part;
or
(b) which contains information about, or
which could lead to the identification
of, a document to which paragraph (a)
applies.
See:
Act No.
9859.
Reprint No. 8
as at
1 December
2012
and
amending
Act Nos
82/2012,
70/2013,
1/2014,
17/2014 and
37/2014.
LawToday:
www.
legislation.
vic.gov.au
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(1C) Without limiting subsection (1), a document
is an exempt document if subsection (1B) as
in force before the commencement of section
6 of the Emergency Management
Amendment (Critical Infrastructure
Resilience) Act 2014 would apply to or in
respect of the document had section 6 of the
Emergency Management Amendment
(Critical Infrastructure Resilience) Act
2014 not come into operation.".
7 Amendment of section 31(3) of the Freedom of
Information Act 1982
In section 31(3) of the Freedom of Information
Act 1982, for "Intelligence and Covert Support
Department" substitute "Intelligence and Covert
Support Command".
8 Consequential amendments to the Terrorism
(Community Protection) Act 2003
(1) Section 1(d) and Part 6 of the Terrorism
(Community Protection) Act 2003 are repealed.
(2) In section 3 of the Terrorism (Community
Protection) Act 2003—
(a) the definitions of declared essential service
and operator are repealed;
(b) for the definition of essential service
substitute—
"essential service has the same meaning as it
has in section 74B of the Emergency
Management Act 2013;".
(3) For section 21F(2)(a) of the Terrorism
(Community Protection) Act 2003 substitute—
"(a) a part of the essential service is located in a
particular area; and".
s. 7
See:
Act No.
7/2003.
Reprint No. 3
as at
1 March 2013
and
amending
Act Nos
68/2013,
73/2013,
17/2014 and
37/2014.
LawToday:
www.
legislation.
vic.gov.au
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9 Repeal of amending Act
This Act is repealed on 1 July 2016.
Note
The repeal of this Act does not affect the continuing operation of
the amendments made by this Act (see section 15(1) of the
Interpretation of Legislation Act 1984).
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s. 9
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ENDNOTES
† Minister's second reading speech—
Legislative Assembly: 6 August 2014
Legislative Council: 18 September 2014
The long title for the Bill for this Act was "A Bill for an Act to amend the
Emergency Management Act 2013 to provide for emergency risk
management arrangements for critical infrastructure resilience and to
consequentially amend the Freedom of Information Act 1982 and the
Terrorism (Community Protection) Act 2003 and for other purposes."
Endnotes
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